Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels. Philip Freeman has speculated on the likelihood of a group of raiders adopting a name from an Indo-European root, *skot, citing the parallel in Greek skotos (σκότος),

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Repeated glaciations, which covered the entire land mass of modern Scotland, destroyed any traces of human habitation that may have existed before the Mesolithic period.

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Early history
The first written reference to Scotland was in 320 BC by Greek sailor Pytheas, who called the northern tip of Britain "Orcas", the source of the name of

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The mainland of Scotland comprises the northern third of the land mass of the island of Great Britain, which lies off the north-west coast of Continental Europe. The total area is 78,772 km (30,414 sq mi), comparable to the size of the Czech Republic. Scotland's only

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The population of Scotland at the 2001 Census was 5,062,011. This rose to 5,295,400, the highest ever, at the 2011 Census. The most recent ONS estimate, for mid-2019, was

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Just over half (54%) of the Scottish population reported being a Christianwhile nearly 37% reported not having a religion in a 2011 census. Since th

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The head of state of the United Kingdom is the monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II(since 1952). The monarchy of the United Kingdom continues to use

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