Via an Euler class. One can define a Chern class in terms of an Euler class. This is the approach in the book by Milnor and Stasheff, and emphasizes the role of an orientation of a vector bundle.. The basic observation is that a complex vector bundle comes with a canonical orientation, ultimately because ⁡ is connected. Hence, one simply defines the top Chern class of the bundle …

The Chern–Simons theory is a 3-dimensional topological quantum field theory of Schwarz type developed by Edward Witten.It was discovered first by mathematical physicist Albert Schwarz.It is named after mathematicians Shiing-Shen Chern and James Harris Simons, who introduced the Chern–Simons 3-form.In the Chern–Simons theory, the action is proportional to the integral of …

The Chern theorem (after Shiing-Shen Chern 1945) is the 2n-dimensional generalization of GB (also see Chern–Weil homomorphism). The Riemann–Roch theorem can also be seen as a generalization of GB to complex manifolds. A far-reaching generalization that includes all the abovementioned theorems is the Atiyah–Singer index theorem.

In mathematics, a sheaf is a tool for systematically tracking data (such as sets, abelian groups, rings) attached to the open sets of a topological space and defined locally with regard to them. For example, for each open set, the data could be the ring of continuous functions defined on that open set. Such data is well behaved in that it can be restricted to smaller open sets, and also …

Robert Marshall Axelrod (born May 27, 1943) is an American political scientist.He is Professor of Political Science and Public Policy at the University of Michigan where he has been since 1974. He is best known for his interdisciplinary work on the evolution of cooperation.His current research interests include complexity theory (especially agent-based modeling), international security, …

Henri Paul Cartan (French: ; 8 July 1904 – 13 August 2008) was a French mathematician who made substantial contributions to algebraic topology.. He was the son of the mathematician Élie Cartan, nephew of mathematician Anna Cartan, oldest brother of composer Jean Cartan [fr; de], physicist Louis Cartan [] and mathematician Hélène Cartan [], and the son-in-law of physicist …

Shiing-Shen Chern. In October 2003, mathematician Shiing-Shen Chern visited Wenzhou as invited by Wenzhounese mathematician Gu Chaohao. During his visit, Chern wrote five words in Chinese calligraphy, "Home of Mathematicians," as he was marveled by the large number of prominent mathematicians and mathematical scholars from the city of Wenzhou.

John Wilder Tukey (/ ˈ t uː k i /; June 16, 1915 – July 26, 2000) was an American mathematician and statistician, best known for the development of the fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm and box plot. The Tukey range test, the Tukey lambda distribution, the Tukey test of additivity, and the Teichmüller–Tukey lemma all bear his name. He is also credited with coining the term 'bit ...

Melvin Ellis Calvin (April 8, 1912 – January 8, 1997) was an American biochemist known for discovering the Calvin cycle along with Andrew Benson and James Bassham, for which he was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.He spent most of his five-decade career at the University of California, Berkeley

Biography. Whitcomb was born in Evanston, Illinois.His father, who had been a balloon pilot in World War I, was a mechanical engineer who specialized in rotational dynamics.In 1932 the family moved to Worcester, Massachusetts when his father became employed at the Norton company.. As a child Whitcomb was fascinated by airplanes; he built models and flew them in …