In quantum mechanics, the Hamiltonian of a system is an operator corresponding to the total energy of that system, including both kinetic energy and potential energy.Its spectrum, the system's energy spectrum or its set of energy eigenvalues, is the set of possible outcomes obtainable from a measurement of the system's total energy.Due to its close relation to the …

Symmetry in quantum mechanics: bosons and fermions. In quantum mechanics, bosons have representatives that are symmetric under permutation operators, and fermions have antisymmetric representatives. This implies the Pauli exclusion principle for fermions. In fact, the Pauli exclusion principle with a single-valued many-particle wavefunction is ...