Karl Paul Polanyi (/ p oʊ ˈ l æ n j i /; Hungarian: Polányi Károly [ˈpolaːɲi ˈkaːroj]; 25 October 1886 – 23 April 1964), was an Austro-Hungarian economic anthropologist and politician, best known for his book The Great Transformation, which questions the conceptual validity of self-regulating markets.. In his writings, Polanyi advances the concept of the Double Movement, which ...

Michael Polanyi FRS (/ p oʊ ˈ l æ n j i /; Hungarian: Polányi Mihály; 11 March 1891 – 22 February 1976) was a Hungarian-British polymath, who made important theoretical contributions to physical chemistry, economics, and philosophy.He argued that positivism supplies an imperfect account of knowing as no observer is perfectly impartial.. His wide-ranging research in physical science ...

The Great Transformation is a book by Karl Polanyi, a Hungarian-American political economist.First published in 1944 by Farrar & Rinehart, it deals with the social and political upheavals that took place in England during the rise of the market economy. Polanyi contends that the modern market economy and the modern nation-state should be understood not as …

Friedrich Engels (/ ˈ ɛ ŋ (ɡ) əl z / ENG-(g)əlz, German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈʔɛŋl̩s]; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German philosopher, critic of political economy, historian, political theorist and revolutionary socialist.He was also a businessman, journalist and political activist, whose father was an owner of large textile factories in Salford (Lancashire, England) and ...

Sir Karl Raimund Popper CH FRS FBA (28 July 1902 – 17 September 1994) was an Austrian-British philosopher, academic and social commentator. One of the 20th century's most influential philosophers of science, Popper is known for his rejection of the classical inductivist views on the scientific method in favour of empirical falsification.According to Popper, a theory in the …

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The socialist mode of production, sometimes referred to as the communist mode of production, or simply (Marxian) socialism or communism as Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels used the terms communism and socialism interchangeably, is a specific historical phase of economic development and its corresponding set of social relations that emerge from capitalism in the …

Eugene Paul "E. P." Wigner (Hungarian: Wigner Jenő Pál, pronounced [ˈviɡnɛr ˈjɛnøː ˈpaːl]; November 17, 1902 – January 1, 1995) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist who also contributed to mathematical physics.He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly …

Thomas Samuel Kuhn (/ k uː n /; July 18, 1922 – June 17, 1996) was an American philosopher of science whose 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was influential in both academic and popular circles, introducing the term paradigm shift, which has since become an English-language idiom.. Kuhn made several claims concerning the progress of scientific knowledge: …

George Charles de Hevesy (born György Bischitz; Hungarian: Hevesy György Károly; German: Georg Karl von Hevesy; 1 August 1885 – 5 July 1966) was a Hungarian radiochemist and Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate, recognized in 1943 for his key role in the development of radioactive tracers to study chemical processes such as in the metabolism of animals.