Cis and trans forms. The examples presented so far have concentrated on the simplest organic molecules, the alkanes.However, stereoisomers crop up in many of the other structural types of organic chemistry.For example, in the alkenes, two versions of 2-butene exist.They are traditionally called cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene or, in slightly more modern terms, (Z)- and …

The alternative name cis-trans test describes the two central components of the test. The terms cis and trans refer to the relationship of the two mutations, with cis used to describe mutations occurring on the same chromosome and trans used to describe mutations occurring on different chromosomes. The cis portion of the complementation test essentially acts as a control and …

Cis-trans (geometric) isomers of coordination compounds differ from one another only in the manner in which the ligands are distributed spatially; for example, in the isomeric pair of diamminedichloroplatinum compounds the two ammonia molecules and the two chlorine atoms are situated next to one another in one isomer, called the cis (Latin for “on this side”) isomer, …

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), principal foreign intelligence and counterintelligence agency of the U.S. government. Formally created in 1947, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) grew out of the World War II Office of Strategic Services (OSS). Previous U.S. intelligence and counterintelligence efforts had been conducted by the military and the Federal Bureau of …

Cis-1,4 polyisoprene. Natural rubber consists almost exclusively of the cis-1,4 polymer, which is produced in the milky latex of certain plants—most notably the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). The uniqueness of natural rubber lies in its physical properties of extensibility and toughness, summarized by its ability to be stretched repeatedly to seven or eight times its original length.

The Golgi apparatus, also called Golgi complex or Golgi body, is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells (cells with clearly defined nuclei) that is made up of a series of flattened stacked pouches called cisternae. It is located in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the cell nucleus.

integrated circuit (IC), also called microelectronic circuit, microchip, or chip, an assembly of electronic components, fabricated as a single unit, in which miniaturized active devices (e.g., transistors and diodes) and passive devices (e.g., capacitors and resistors) and their interconnections are built up on a thin substrate of semiconductor material (typically silicon). …

CIGS solar cell, in full copper indium gallium selenide solar cell, thin-film photovoltaic device that uses semiconductor layers of copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) to absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. Although CIGS solar cells are considered to be in the early stages of large-scale commercialization, they can be produced by using a process that has the potential …